Infrastructure and the Net

The Internet is infrastructure. This should be plain, but it's not. The reason is that neither the Net nor infrastructure are well-understood, even though both could hardly be more widely used.

If you ask any ten people to tell you what the Internet is, you'll get ten different answers. That won't happen if you ask the same ten people what the road system is. Or the water system. Or the electric system. Or the subway and bus system.

Ask ten people (or Google) what infrastructure is, and you'll get a more coherent response. But that response will be based on common usage in many contexts, not on meaning that arises from a single discipline. Infrastructure is a subject of study, not a field of its own. Not yet, anyway.

The evidence is plentiful. Searches for "infrastructure" as a subject in academic journals turn up thousands of results, yet Harvard's vast HOLLIS Catalog, which spans most of the university's 15.8 million volumes, contains just twenty book titles that include the word "infrastructure," and none before 1976. "Infrastructure" appears in no titles among the seven hundred thousand volumes in the Boston Athenaeum — a library packed with books on architecture, public works and other subjects we would not characterize as infrastructural. Yet, in a keyword search of the Athenaeum's catalog, infrastructure shows up in just two books, both published since the turn of the millennium.

Here's a revealing irony: Wikipedia's entry on infrastructure runs past 900 words, yet Encyclopedia Brittanica has no entry for the topic at all.

Dictionaries do better. The Oxford English Dictionary dates "infrastructure" from 1875, and notes scattered usage from 1925 onward. Merriam-Webster Online dates "infrastructure" from 1927, and offers these definitions:

The American Heritage Dictionary adds this usage note: "The term infrastructure has been used since 1927 to refer collectively to the roads, bridges, rail lines, and similar public works that are required for an industrial economy, or a portion of it, to function. The term also has had specific application to the permanent military installations necessary for the defense of a country. Perhaps because of the word's technical sound, people now use infrastructure to refer to any substructure or underlying system. Big corporations are said to have their own financial infrastructure of smaller businesses, for example, and political organizations to have their infrastructure of groups, committees, and admirers."

Stephen Lewis follows this trail in The Etymology of Infrastructure and the Infrastructure of the Internet: "Infrastructure entered the English language as a loan word from French, in which it had been a railroad engineering term... After World War II, 'infrastructure' reemerged as in-house jargon within NATO, this time referring to fixed installations necessary for the operations of armed forces and to capital investments considered necessary to secure the security of Europe." From there, the word "spilled into the contexts of urban management and regional and national development, and into the private sector — but with some boundaries." For example, in the early 1970s, infrastructure "was used to refer to those massive capital investments (water, subways, roads, bridges, tunnels, schools, hospitals, etc.) necessary to city's economy and the lives of its inhabitants and businesses enterprises but too massive and too critical to be conceived, implemented, and run at a profit or to be trusted to the private sector."

From Lewis' own work in Europe and Asia in in the 1970s and early 1980s, he recalls that "in the world of oil refining, petrochemicals, and 'process' plants, 'infrastructure' referred to those social or governmental capital investments — roads, sewerage, water sources, electrical power, and other 'utilities' — that were necessary for manufacturing but the provision of which did not fall within the scope of a single project, the 'battery limits' of an industrial facility, or the commercial 'feedstocks' that were are the raw materials for industrial processes." In other words, infrastructure then still referred primarily to the public foundations on which private enterprise could build.

Then usage exploded. In the "Infrastructure and Development" chapter of Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2005: Lessons of Experience, Remy Prud'homme notes "the formidable success of the word in the 1980s and 1990s, when it invaded United Nations institutions, World Bank organizational charts, academic journals, and daily newspapers. The process has clearly bee inflationary. The meaning of the word has been extended so much that it no longer means much."

To restore meaning, Prud'homme isolates a set of specific attributes, chief among which is the role of infrastructure as "capital goods" that support services. Here is a table he provides to illustrate the point:

Infrastructure	Service
Roads, bridges, tunnels, rail tracks, harbors, etc.	Transportation
Dams, reservoirs, pipes, treatment plants, etc.	Water supply
Dams, canals	Irrigation
Dumps, incinerators, compost units	Garbage disposal
District heating	Plant, network
Telephone exchanges, telephone lines, etc.	Telecommunicaiton
Power plants, transmission and distribution lines	Power

Does the Internet fit in there? It may use telephone lines, but it doesn't need to. In fact, neither does old-fashioned telephony. Thanks to digital technology, voice and video are just forms of data. And, thanks to the Internet's protocols, that data can be carried over anything: wires, wireless, fiber optic cabling, whatever. The Internet may be a "network of networks," but that description has a physical connotation. In fact the Internet is defined mostly by its suite of protocols, which are agreements about how data moves from point to point. The Net's protocols transcend the physical networks on which data is routed, because the core purpose of those protocols is to find the best available path between end points. Not, say, to charge for minutes. In fact, there are no commercial purposes embodied in any of the Net's protocols. And yet the Net supports an incalculable sum of commercial activity. Telephony and television are just two two among countless other uses to which the Net can be put.

Yet the companies that own much of the "last mile" and "backbone" cabling sell "Internet" as a "service" alongside telephony and television. Many (even in Europe, where the baseball reference is lost) call this "triple play":

Infrastructure	Uses	Services
Internet	Web access and services, email, instant messaging, and an unlimted variety of current and future uses, including voice and video.	Telephony, television, Internet ("triple play")

The Internet's nature, however, is not that of a service, even though phone and cable companies "deliver" it as a service and bill for it as one. The irony here is that something called a "service" is in fact base infrastructure — not just for providing other services such as telephony and television, but for approximately everything digital that needs to be done across distances.

Bob Frankston puts this in perspective by calling telecom — a category of services enabled by dedicated physical infrastructure — a "myth." Frankston also calls the Net a "class project" from back when he was a student at MIT. What matters, Frankston says, is connectivity, which he sees as the home network writ large: a DIY (Do It Yourself) project in which everybody can participate. Specifically,

The infrastructure he's talking about is soft in several senses. One is that you don't need a big utility company to provide it. Another is that data and its protocols are soft. They have no physical substance, yet they have supportive qualities that are substantive in the extreme. That's because the Net is a way of connecting. It is not the wires and waves that do the connecting.

It's this uncoupling of ways (of connecting) from means (of "carrying") that makes the Net so suitable to DIY. We saw this on the personal scale with the first Internet Service Providers (ISPs), which were not phone and cable companies, but rather independent operators who found ways of tunneling through phone companies' technical and billing systems.

DIY for the Net happens at every scale, from mobile phones, PCs and laptops to enterprise IT systems and "cloud" services. Those range from personal clouds using eyeOS (a new open source project out of Barcelona) up to massive pure-utility compute and storage services such as Amazon's EC2 and S3.

Yet the DIY nature of the Net gets limited respect from those provisioning it as a "service" alongside telephony and television.

Such is the case with Internet service. Today most of us are provisioned Internet service by carriers — telephone and cable television companies — whose businesses were host to what Lewis calls the "ad hoc" deployment of the Net's protocols, which used carriers' private infrastructure as if it were far more public than it was. Thus the Internet spread both in spite as well as because of those businesses. The Net is unique as infrastructure because it is inherently self-provisioned, taking advantage of any available physical or wireless path, without regard for the sunk or future capital expenses laid out by its carriers.

For individuals, Bob Frankston points out, the Net's model is home networking writ large. "Connectivity is about relationships, while communications is what we do with those relationships. The power of today's Internet comes from letting us focus on the relations and our ability to communicate rather than the twisting passages through telecom's maze of copper, fiber and radios. The networks in our homes are a good example. You 'just' print without worry about negotiating for the printing provider."

David Isenberg calls the Net "stupid" because its only job is connecting human and machine intelligence at its end points. Isenberg's thesis rests on the end-to-end principle embodied in the Net's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Craig Burton combines "stupid" with end-to-end through the metaphor of a hollow sphere built entirely of ends, all facing each other across a the three-dimensional zero between them: "The distance between any two points is functionally zero, and not just because they can see each other, but because nothing interferes with operation between any two points." The result, Kevin Barron says, is a "giant brain" comprised of the collected intelligence of every connected individual, document and back-end service. In The Big Switch, Nicholas Carr says Amazon's and Google's back-end Web services are themselves utilities: "Cheap, utility-supplied computing will ultimately change society as profoundly as cheap electricity did."

But not all society at once, and not everywhere in the world. Deployment of the infrastructure required before the Net becomes a true "giant zero", or makes Big Switch benefits available to everybody, is bound to be what Prud'homme calls "lumpy". It doesn't hapen evenly. Or at all, unless the investment is justified. Even if we subtract out the antique business models and billing practices of carriers kept alive by persistent telephony and television demand, and make carriage of the Net's packets as "stupid" as possible, the capital outlays required are enormous, especially as demand to connect and share data grows at an exponential pace. Whether the Net is provisioned as a grace of private enterprise or public largesse, the capital outlays must be justified and rationalized. This is hard to do when the Net itself remains ad hoc at its core, and when innovation is highly permitted at the ends while it remains highly regulated inside the "zero." All due respect to the need for keeping the Net "stupid," but should carriers be forced to move their own innovation imperatives off the table? That's what they hear in demands for "net neutrality" legislation. Can we reconcile the Net's end-to-end values with the need for carriers to innovate, and to maximize their capacity to pay off capital investments on behalf of the Net? The answer is yes, but not until we fully understand what the Net is, and how the meaning of infrastructure changes once it supports "spaces" and "environments" that are not physical.

In a 1999 interview Craig Burton said, "There's a word I like for what's going on here: terraform. It's the verb for creating a world. That's what we're making here: a new world. Now the question is, what are we going to do to cause planetary existence? How can we terraform this new world in a way that works for the world and not just ourselves?"

Nine years later we are still under-equipped to meet this challenge, simply because both the Net and infrastructure remain poorly understood and defined — even as both are widely discussed and relied upon.

The need for this understanding could not be higher. Data accumulation at the Net's ends is rising exponentially while the ability to share it across the Net's many paths inches up incrementally, and unevenly. The world economy meanwhile threatens to slide from recession into depression, meaning that capital for expanding the Net's supportive capacity — its physical infrastructure — may decrease or go away.

Billions or trillions of dollars in productivity, plus the expansion of other civilized graces, are staked on better understanding of the Net and Infrastructure. Increasing that understanding requires fresh and determined scholarship inside the academy and outside the immediate interests of any one interest group. Ten years from now there should be dozens, or hundreds, of books in the HOLLIS catalog, each providing guidance to both the public and private sectors, as they make policy, write (or recind) laws, and develop businesses that support and expand the good done by the Net for the world.